基于EIO-LCA模型和多目标优化方法评估水分配系统对环境的影响

作者：L. M. Herstein; Y. R. Filion; and K. R. Hall

关键字：环境问题，可持续发展，水分配系统，优化，能源消耗，管网。

摘要：气候变化使得环境成为影响当局决策的越来越重要的因素。环境正越来越多地成为水分配系统（WDS）运行成本核算与水力设计时需要考虑的重要因素。本文提出一种遗传算法（NSGA-II），能够使水分配系统（WDS）在满足水力约束条件下投资费用、年均泵能源消耗和环境影响最小。考虑优化方案的环境目标函数终包括了之前提出的环境影响指数（EI）。采用EIO-LCA模型中评估多环境措施下的环境影响指数（EI）变化。基于遗传算法的EIO-LCA模型可以应用到任何城镇水网。研究发现，投资费用与环境影响指数呈负相关，年均泵能源消耗与环境影响指数（EI）近似呈线性相关，年均泵能源消耗是影响环境影响指数（EI）的主要因素。帕累托最优的区域和形状对于需求和粗糙系数调整均较为敏感，且对改变需求因素的敏感性更高。

 

Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Water Distribution Systems by Using EIO-LCA-Based Multiobjective Optimization

Keywords: Environmental issues; Sustainable development; Water distribution systems; Optimization; Energy consumption; Pipe networks.

Abstract: Climate change has made environmental impact a factor of growing importance in decision making for municipalities. Increasingly, the environmental impacts of expanding and operating a water distribution system (WDS) are considered alongside the cost and hydraulic design. This paper presents a non dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) that minimizes capital costs, annual pumping energy use, and environmental impacts in WDS design that adheres to hydraulic constraints. A previously developed environmental impact(EI) index is included in the environmental objective function of the optimization program. The EI index normalizes and aggregates multiple environmental measures evaluated with an economic input-output life-cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) model. The EIO-LCA-based NSGA-II was applied to the Any town network. Annual pumping energy use was found to dominate the EI index while capital cost and the EI index were inversely related, and the annual pumping energy use and the EI index followed a near linear relationship. The location and shape of the Pareto fronts were sensitive to demand and roughness coefficient (C-factor) adjustments with greater sensitivity observed for changes in demand than changes in the C-factor.