《Water Resources Development and Management》刊登“大坝的影响：问题、条件和限制因素”

作者：Asit K. Biswas

刊物：《Water Resources Development and Management》，2012年，1-18页

摘要：近5000年来，世界各地为了在全年范围内保障本国的生活用水和农业用水而修建了大量的挡水建筑物。而从远古时代开始，大型河流通过的肥沃的平原就是人类的主要定居地，例如非洲的尼罗河、美索不达米亚的幼发拉底河-底格里斯河、以及印度次大陆的印度恒河平原。在这些区域，人类为人口、牲畜和经济的损失，必须尝试进行洪水和干旱的灾害防控。在过去两个世纪时间里，数以亿计的人口生活在河流附近，他们必须实现河流控制以保障其生活、农业、工业的稳定用水需要以及降低水旱灾害损失。因此，大坝建设得到稳步发展。1930年以后，许多国家例如阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大和美国有了大量的移民，为了满足人口扩大的需要，从而导致水资源需求呈指数增长。因此，随时间推进，在全球范围内，水资源调控和水质水量稳定的水资源供给保障成为经济和社会可持续发展的基本要求。

Impacts of Large Dams: Issues, Opportunities and Constraints

Author: Asit K. Biswas

Journal: Water Resources Development and Management , 2012,  pp 1-18

Abstract: For nearly 5,000 years, water-retaining structures have been built in different parts of the world to ensure water is available for domestic and agricultural purposes throughout the year. From time immemorial, human beings have settled in the fertile plains of major rivers like the Nile in Africa, Euphrates-Tigris in Mesopotamia, and the Indo-Gangetic plain in the Indian subcontinent. In these areas, floods and droughts had to be managed to reduce losses to human and cattle populations and also to limit economic damage. During the past two centuries, hundreds of millions of people lived around rivers, which necessitated control of these rivers to provide assured water supply for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes and to reduce flood and drought damages. Thus, the building of dams has gained steady momentum. More recently, after the 1930s, water requirements increased exponentially in countries where there was significant immigration, such as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada and the United States, to satisfy the needs of their expanding populations. Globally, with the passage of time, water control and assured availability of water of appropriate quality became essential requirements for continuing economic and social development.

原文链接：http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-23571-9_1#